Comportamento do fluxo pelo forame oval em fetos de mães diabéticas com hipertrofia miocárdica / Bahavior of the foramen ovale flow in fetuses of diabetic mothers and myocardial hypertrophy

Introdução: O forame oval (FO) tem extrema importância na circulação fetal, pois conduz o sangue oxigenado proveniente da placenta diretamente ao átrio esquerdo. Frequentemente fetos de mães diabéticas(FMD) apresentam hipertrofia miocárdica(HM), com alterações na função diastólica ventricular esquerda, podendo acarretar modificações do fluxo pelo FO, com reflexo no índice de pulsatilidade. Objetivo: Testar a hipótese de que o fluxo pelo FO apresenta índice de pulsatilidade maior em FMD com HM do que em fetos sem HM de mães com ou sem diabetes. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal controlado comparando FMD com HM com FMD sem hipertrofia e fetos controles normais. Pacientes: 16 FMD com HM(grupo I), 36 FMD sem HM(grupo II) e 39 fetos controles normais(grupo III), A ecocardiografia fetal com Doppler foi realizada para obter o índice de pulsatilidade do forame oval(IPFO), através da razão velocidade sistólica-velocidade pré-sistólica/velocidade média. Foram utilizados ANOVA e teste das diferenças mínimas significativas, com alfa crítico de 0,05. Resultados: O IPFO médio foi de 4,07 mais ou menos 1,33 no grupo I, 2,28 mais ou menos 0,58 no grupo II e 2,78 mais ou menos 0,55 no grupo III. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (p menor 0,001); os valores de IPFO do grupo I foram significativamente maiores dos que o do grupo II e III (p menor 0,001). Os valores do IPFO do grupo II não foram significativamente diferentes em relação ao grupo III (p igual 0,604). Conclusão: Fetos de mães diabéticas com hipertrofia miocárdica têm o índice de pulsatilidade do fluxo do forame oval maior do que os fetos sem hipertrofia miocárdica e fetos controles normais. Sugere-se que sua diferença ocorra por uma complacência diminuída do ventriculo esquerdo secundária à hipertrofia do septo interventricular.

Pulsatilidade venosa pulmonar em fetos de mäes diabéticas: estudo Doppler-ecocardiográfico pré-natal / Pulmonary vein pulsatility in fetuses of diabetic mothers: prenatal Doppler echocardiographic study

OBJECTIVE: To verify the hypothesis that the pulmonary vein pulsatility index is higher in fetuses of diabetic mothers than it is in normal fetuses of nondiabetic mothers. METHODS: Twenty-four fetuses of mothers with either gestational or previous diabetes (cases), and 25 normal fetuses of mothers without systemic disease (control) were examined. Fetuses were examined through prenatal Doppler and color flow mapping. The pulmonary vein pulsatility index was obtained by placing the pulsed Doppler sample volume over the right superior pulmonary vein and applying the formula (systolic velocity - presystolic velocity)/mean velocity. RESULTS: The mean gestational age of the study fetuses was 30.3±2.7 weeks, and gestational age of the controls was 29±3.3 weeks, with no significant difference in gestational age between groups (p=0.14). Fetuses of diabetic mothers had a mean pulmonary vein pulsatility index of 1.6±1, and those of the control group had an index of 0.86±0.27. CONCLUSION: Fetuses of diabetic mothers had pulmonary vein pulsatility indexes (parameter easily obtained through Doppler echocardiography that may be related to fetal diastolic function) higher than those in fetuses of mothers with normal glycemia

Estudo da constriçäo intra-uterina do canal arterial: análise de uma coorte histórica de 20 casos / Intrauterine ductus arteriosus constriction: analysis of a historic cohort of 20 cases

OBJECTIVE: To describe the relative incidence, presentation, and evolvement of fetuses with early ductus constriction. METHODS: Twenty fetal echocardiograms indicating ductus constriction were reviewed in a population of 7000 pregnants. RESULTS: The cases were divided into group A (related to maternal use of cyclooxygenase inhibitors [n=7] and group B (idiopathics [n=13]). Mean gestational age was 32.5±3.1 (27-38) weeks and maternal age was 28.2±8.5 (17-42) years. Mean systolic velocity in the ductus was 2.22±0.34 (1.66-2.81) m/s, diastolic velocity 0.79±0.28 (0.45-1.5) m/s, and pulsatility index 1.33±0.36 (0.52-1.83). Two cases of ductal occlusion were noted. In 65 percent of the cases, an increase occurred in the right cavities; in 90 percent of the cases, tricuspid or pulmonary regurgitation, or both, occurred, with functional pulmonary atresia in 1 case. Diastolic velocity was greater in group A (1.13±0.33) than in group B (0.68±0.15) (P=0.008). The other data were similar in the 2 groups. The evolvement was not favorable in 4 patients from group B, including 1 death and 2 cases of persistent pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSION: The high incidence of idiopathic constriction of the ductus arteriosus suggests that its diagnosis is underestimated and that many cases of persistence of fetal circulation in newborns may be related to constriction of the ductus arteriosus not diagnosed during intrauterine life. Group B had a lower severity but a risk of an unfavorable evolvement, suggesting a distinct alteration